tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51868820810078143082024-03-28T07:53:45.565+08:00Malaya S. A. GanapathyThe Missing Chapters of Indians Struggle for Independence of MalayaSaminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-71259858465399520052022-01-26T16:43:00.001+08:002022-01-26T16:43:43.073+08:00Jananayagam - 5th May 1945 - Ganapathy's Short History<p>Jananayagam (Democracy) published on the 5th May 1949 carried the life story of Ganapathy on its first page - <b>"Thukkilidapatta Ganapathiyin Vaalkai Viparam"</b> (in Tamil). </p><div><div>1. Newspapers operating in Tamil Nadu, mainly "The Hindu" and "Thinamani" reported appeals from all over India, Moscow and London against Ganapathy's death sentence. These were appeals to the British Government in Malaya to review the death sentence given to Ganapathy. </div><div><br /></div><div>2. The appeals sought the Government in Malaya to consider Ganapathy's selfless service to the labour class in Malaya </div><div><br /></div><div>3. Ganapathy was born in 1913 in a village called Muthupettai near Putthukottai in Thanjavur Taluk. and immigrated to Singapore in 1925 when he was 12 years old to assist his uncle. </div><div><br /></div><div>4. Ganapathy was a good orator. He was admired for his speeches. He learnt English on his own without going through a formal education. </div><div><br /></div><div>5. At 16, he was employed in Singapore Post Office. Ganapathy started actively involved in labour movement at the age of 24 (in 1937) </div><div><br /></div><div>6. Served as an Instructor with Indian National Army (during Japanese occupation)</div><div><br /></div><div>7. He had an uncle in Singapore and a sister in India. When he returned to his village (after attending Asia Conference in Delhi) he was persuaded to get married. He refused and remain as a bachelor till his death. </div><div><br /></div><div>8. Ganapathy joint the General Labour Union in Singapore as a member and raised to be the President of Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Union in 1947. When the PMFTU's headquarters transferred form Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, he remained in Kuala Lumpur as an editor of "Munnani" - a well known newspaper propagating labour struggles and rights. </div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-vJAFGJ_Yf6d7AQ6E1QpUsD9-exBZh8mYV8BkKdtFyJODO0c8Am0K41HfXzsRx5ff5gF9zzyLK8_gXlPR5kETUyuKC777AeJLoRfHQmWcFaKxESLe6uWSYSQ1VUYNCDZ-gzSTx4hMPvra7lylUsAov8uByD3lE5gRS9iRX3L_Jq04oUtNkFF3l66t=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="745" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-vJAFGJ_Yf6d7AQ6E1QpUsD9-exBZh8mYV8BkKdtFyJODO0c8Am0K41HfXzsRx5ff5gF9zzyLK8_gXlPR5kETUyuKC777AeJLoRfHQmWcFaKxESLe6uWSYSQ1VUYNCDZ-gzSTx4hMPvra7lylUsAov8uByD3lE5gRS9iRX3L_Jq04oUtNkFF3l66t=s16000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jananayagam - 5th May 1949</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-36053621124138583532021-08-13T16:26:00.001+08:002021-08-13T16:48:34.518+08:00Klang Strike - KPK Menon Pushed Resolution for Investigation <p>On 15th June 1941, the Sunday Tribune (Singapore) reported that a resolution was passed at an extra ordinary general meeting of the Indian Association held at the Association Pavilion, Balestier Road on the 14th of June 1941, urging the Federated Malay States Government and His Excellency the High Commissioned to take early steps to appoint a committee of enquiry to collect evidence and submit a report concerning the cause of and happenings connected with the Klang Strike. </p><p>Over 100 members attended the meeting which presided over by S.C Goho. The meeting also expressed the condolences to the family of the labourers who lost their lives in the course of disturbance connected with the strike. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUV9tBps8zxxw4XfPTOC-DcR2NK0fIcgymRDJss4l9xDIL2D01Jm_TWclY_eFtgTjROi1_8_6sHI855PYNKGwnTPpFCLId_0FG5cRNLPwIMjkpYgWxZJbrd21v5dgkdPhS_AvktXm1yA/s546/9805027.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUV9tBps8zxxw4XfPTOC-DcR2NK0fIcgymRDJss4l9xDIL2D01Jm_TWclY_eFtgTjROi1_8_6sHI855PYNKGwnTPpFCLId_0FG5cRNLPwIMjkpYgWxZJbrd21v5dgkdPhS_AvktXm1yA/s320/9805027.jpg" width="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">KP Kesava Menon </td></tr></tbody></table><br />The person who moved this resolution was KPK Menon, a prominent lawyer and one of the founding members of Indian Independence League (IIL). Later in 1943, KPK was arrested and prisoned along with Captain Mohan Singh (founder or INA) for Menon's critical views on Chandra Bose. </p><p>KPK Menon said, "Humanity and a sense of justice demanded that they should understand the whole situation correctly and find a solution. What was the reason for the strike and how it happen? The labourers found their wages were inadequate and difficult to maintain their families. They made a demand to increase their wages and patiently waited for 18 months. Being no reply, the resorted to the only legitimate weapon given to the labourers - go on strike to show their resentment openly." </p><p><b>"The estate management instead of tackling the problem tactfully and sympathetically thought that the labourers should be taught a lesson. The labourers water supplies were cut off and the supply of rice stopped. That was certainly an act of inhumanity calculated to break the morale of the labourers"</b></p><p><b>Menon went on, " The question of wages was one of the grievances. They had other grievances too. For instances, tappers who had been doing a normal day task were compelled to do extra work without extra remuneration. Their children were forced to work for nominal wage and any refusal the parents were punished"</b></p><p><b>The milk supplies to infants were discontinues and hospital arrangements were unsatisfied on some estates. In short, life become almost intolerable under such conditions. In adding to these labourers were not allowed to wear Gandhi caps and were expected to alight from their bicycles if they happened to meet their European employers. </b></p><p>"The arrest of Mr. Nathan, President of the Indian Klang Union was naturally interpreted by the labourers as an attempt on the part of the Government to suppress the growing union among the labourers and this was followed by further strikes . The estate management got panicky and demanded Government to suppress it. The demand was promptly and amply answered. The police were on the scene followed by military. A cordon was formed and nobody was allowed to pass it. Even the Indian Agent had difficulty in getting in the cordon"</p><p>"There was no denying the fact that there was some violence - whether provoked or unprovoked and cone could expect a crowd of 16,000 to 20,000 labourers labouring under grievances to behave like Sannayasins (saints)." </p><p>"Was it not possible to disperse the crowd without resort to shooting? Was there any necessity to use the military at all? Those were the questions they should ask themselves. They did not ask for a magisterial enquiry but a public enquiry."</p><p>The resolution is seconded by Mr. S.K Das who pointed out that a magisterial enquiry would be quite useless in so far it would confine itself to the caused of death. </p><p>An amendment by Mr. Namazie to the effect that the meeting should approach the High Commissioner asking him to take early steps to implement his promise by appointing a committee to enquire into the matter did not find favour with the meeting. </p><p>Mr. Adithan who seconded the amendment pointed out that the original motion appeared to him to prejudge and assume certain things. The fact remained that here was a strike. What they now wanted was an enquiry. His Excellency had promised it and they would simply ask him without prejudging anything to fulfil his promise. </p><p>Mr. Jumabhoy proposed that consideration of that resolution be postponed. As the strike had occurred in Selangor, he thought the Indians in Selangor should first move in the matter. If Indians in Selangor were not doing anything, were the Singapore Indians right in moving that resolution?</p><p>Further, the Hight Commissioner had promised to go into the strikers grievance and being so, could they not wait a little and bring forward the resolution some time later? </p><p>Jumabhoy's resolution was put to vote and lost. </p><p>The original motion of KPK Menon was then put to vote and carried by an overwhelming majority. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHalDrkaw-J7XcTWefeUt5UK34LPXzcsS8KeefiItmwPl6I_n11Ab1lm0wOX1nuPk7LLS1QXtkeZfVFuKkIc6bYBj8ql7JAk5gsCvyXy6Uvopjzg_5F3yxZc8BarPtiG6OH3QZIojHhLs/s492/klang+strike+1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="262" height="962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHalDrkaw-J7XcTWefeUt5UK34LPXzcsS8KeefiItmwPl6I_n11Ab1lm0wOX1nuPk7LLS1QXtkeZfVFuKkIc6bYBj8ql7JAk5gsCvyXy6Uvopjzg_5F3yxZc8BarPtiG6OH3QZIojHhLs/w513-h962/klang+strike+1.jpg" width="513" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunday Tribune - 15th June 1941</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv1bl_lKEURgheoRHOPogNbI9t-eUnYGHmkxKqrMdee-S_eNtkx2pqukst3Fy1StWAmgq8fBW3_wS5Xu2mrxKuLF9njZwRKJ-uQmTIHUVOMv5_UnwYf-bL8Z5IIefJ_R1k34v4YsoT2nM/s575/klang+strike+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="222" height="1034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv1bl_lKEURgheoRHOPogNbI9t-eUnYGHmkxKqrMdee-S_eNtkx2pqukst3Fy1StWAmgq8fBW3_wS5Xu2mrxKuLF9njZwRKJ-uQmTIHUVOMv5_UnwYf-bL8Z5IIefJ_R1k34v4YsoT2nM/w401-h1034/klang+strike+2.jpg" width="401" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmCxEGTRljFwgmF15TtPQyXJjYgZu7ggqxe0gFYKqA12OAb7oiF2VKSWtXeVDki83ir2a9X6mBWW7SSS1WeVTrl63JJv6LbPXxiN27QIkuG_kDBx3WL6RaOjiUx_TgoTLvphFcuvCVXA/s500/klang+strike+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="222" height="923" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmCxEGTRljFwgmF15TtPQyXJjYgZu7ggqxe0gFYKqA12OAb7oiF2VKSWtXeVDki83ir2a9X6mBWW7SSS1WeVTrl63JJv6LbPXxiN27QIkuG_kDBx3WL6RaOjiUx_TgoTLvphFcuvCVXA/w409-h923/klang+strike+3.jpg" width="409" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1qxO9mXo0VKQBxTa7F0VHAMvm7_jlEfup9RG_cZ8zDkdHMSvqWBDpRAKsohpOikicWtmZOSmWYzx8hKpMBRZh90THpb5tB09OUxVNNfwS48_hQfDh8Ir4YC19YxEunleOsFt8WOIsmtk/s306/klang+strike+4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="211" height="505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1qxO9mXo0VKQBxTa7F0VHAMvm7_jlEfup9RG_cZ8zDkdHMSvqWBDpRAKsohpOikicWtmZOSmWYzx8hKpMBRZh90THpb5tB09OUxVNNfwS48_hQfDh8Ir4YC19YxEunleOsFt8WOIsmtk/w349-h505/klang+strike+4.jpg" width="349" /></a></div><p></p><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-70009261187157051392021-02-20T01:58:00.002+08:002021-02-20T02:03:35.737+08:00Saminathan Amalu, Ducroux and Nuelans (Part 2) <div class="separator">In East and Southeast Asia, communism was received with enthusiasm by young intellectuals who wanted to liberate their countries from colonial rule or tried to solve social and economical inequalities by way of communist revolutions. They taught communism to laborers and peasants at night schools or by distributing leaflets, and mobilized them to go on strikes and demonstrations. They organized labor unions, peasant associations, and communist institutions. The first communist party in East and Southeast Asia was the Communist Association of the Indies, which was established in the Dutch East Indies in 1920 (and renamed the Communist Party of Indonesia in 1924). The next year the Chinese Communist Party was established, followed in 1922 by the Japanese Communist Party. In 1930, four communist parties were established in Southeast Asia: the Indochinese Communist Party, the Siamese Communist Party, the Malayan Communist Party, and the Philippine Communist Party.</div><br />Local communist movements in East and Southeast Asia were led by these communist parties, labor unions, and peasant associations, but there was another important dimension to the communist movements in the 1920s and 1930s. The local parties were linked in a network of international and/or regional communist movements under the aegis of the Third International (Comintern). Moreover, local communists frequently sought to promote communism regionally or to help neighboring movements. While there are a number of studies on country-based communist movements, studies of the international or regional communist movement in East and Southeast Asia in the 1920s and 1930s are not as well done, except for several pioneering works on such topics as the regional and international liaisons of the Malayan Communist Party, those of the Indochinese Communist Party and the Comintern’s activities in Asia. But these works do not reveal clearly how the regional and international liaison networks in East and Southeast Asia were constructed and maintained, and how they collapsed.<br /><br />The Comintern was established in Moscow in 1919, two years after the Russian Revolution. The Comintern was in charge of supervising communist movements all over the world. Supervision meant the recognition of the establishment of a communist party in each country or colony, approval of personnel appointments in each communist party, allocation of funds for communist movements, dispatching of agents, distribution of directives, receiving and training of communists from other countries, and so on. These activities were conducted through liaisons between Moscow and communist movements in each country. The organization that constructed, operated, and maintained these liaisons was the OMS (Otdel Mezhdunarodnykh Svyazey, Department of International Communication), established within the Comintern in 1921. OMS “conducted the clandestine activities of the Comintern abroad, including the distribution of confidential directives and propaganda material, the forging of passports and identity papers for overseas agents and the implementation of espionage operations. The activities of the Comintern, especially clandestine activities abroad, were heavily dependent on liaisons operated and maintained by OMS, but it was not easy to maintain liaisons between Moscow and distant places.<br /><br />The fact that East and Southeast Asian regions were so distant from Moscow led to the establishment of the Far Eastern Bureau (FEB) of the Comintern in Shanghai as a regional headquarters to facilitate liaison. FEB was set up in 1926, and its original mission was to supervise communist movements in China, Japan, and Korea. But by 1930 its jurisdiction had expanded to Taiwan, French Indochina, the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and the Philippine islands.<br /><br />There was another organization in Shanghai that was also in charge of supervising communist movements in East and Southeast Asia. It was the Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat, established in 1927. PPTUS was under the Profintern (Red International of Labor Unions), and its mission was supporting and promoting labor union movements in China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia.<br /><br />In 1931, the regional headquarters in Shanghai decided to dispatch three agents to Southeast Asia: Joseph Ducroux, alias Serge Lefranc; Wong Muk Han; and Teo Yuen Foo. Ducroux’s mission was to investigate communist movements in British Malaya, establish liaisons between the regional headquarters in Shanghai and the Malayan Communist Party Central, and make Singapore a liaison center for communist movements in Southeast Asia and British India. Wong and Teo was in charge of reorganizing communist movements in British Malaya. <br /><br />While Teo was not identified by the British Political Intelligence Services in 1931, Ducroux, together with Wong, was detected, monitored, and finally arrested by the Special Branch in Singapore on June 1. The Special Branch in Singapore obtained contact addresses in Shanghai and Hong Kong from seized documents, and it sent these addresses to the Special Branch both in the Royal Hong Kong Police and in the Shanghai Municipal Police. Based on information sent from Singapore, Nguyen Ai Quoc was arrested in Hong Kong on June 6. Hilaire Noulens and his wife, the OMS (Otdel Mezhdunarodnykh Svyazey, Department of International Communication) staff in the regional headquarters in Shanghai, were arrested in Shanghai on June 15, 1931. <br /><br />After Mr. and Mrs. Noulens’s arrest, the Special Branch of the Shanghai Municipal Police seized documents that Mr. Noulens kept at various houses in Shanghai. And from these documents, the Special Branch was able to piece together information not only about the purposes, methods, and current status of international and regional communist movements in China, French Indochina, British Malaya, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and the Philippine islands, but also about communists and agents engaged in these activities. This information was shared with the relevant countries and colonies. For example, it resulted in the arrest of about 30 communist suspects in Japan.<br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxS7lcIbm4sZv4T6oyp5twGsCarZFQbjSUQStz5xKftD5pZTRE0FS2uwKlmx_U_QdZEosMuZpz5clX7CF8Dh2aveI56J4YebrQkWHi__LP2CAenHjwbpAd8UWhAL78fjoGM6ilB79P6uo/w320-h231/123.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Mr. and Mrs. Noulens in Shanghai</div><br />At the time of the arrest of the Noulens, Nguyen Ai Quoc, and Ducroux, there were links from Shanghai to French Indochina, Siam, and British Malaya via Nguyen Ai Quoc in Hong Kong. Ducroux had succeeded in forging a link with the liaison officer of the Malayan Communist Party. As for the Indonesian Communist Party, Teo was in charge of liaison making—but it was not clear whether he had succeeded or not. The true identity of the agent in charge of making links with the Philippine Communist Party was not known. He used the code name “Leon,” and it is known that he succeeded in contacting the Philippine Communist Party. Figure below shows the Shanghai-Southeast Asia liaison network in June 1931. Tan Malaka does not appear in this figure, but there was a plan to dispatch him to Rangoon for establishing links between India and Southeast Asia.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYx1NBxjFrr9IocuaTD1ir7Qvz2lG7XCCGY0YC-feZTgV-_M2-_4kinpnMcSGUmvT7WiLM4Vrhumvzdg4IiOdtZbmps0Z4ibsDAMbMnyecqHjQ9SyKAzeHraBM9kn19__ALB2-_6dn0TA/w560-h640/16203.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /><br />(Note: Reference https://englishkyoto-seas.org/2016/04/vol-5-no-1-onimaru/)<br /><br />In June 1931, British authorities in Singapore arrested a Comintern operative using the name Joseph Ducroux. An address book found on his person then led the Shanghai Municipal Police to Hilaire Noulens and his wife, both Comintern agents, who were collectively in charge of funneling all monies and communications between the Comintern, the Chinese Communist Party, and Communist organizations throughout East Asia. The arrest of the Noulens, and the material found in their apartments, compromised hundreds of Communists and their international networks in East and Southeast Asia. The case materials themselves, found in British, French, and Dutch archives, expose the ways the Comintern’s Far Eastern Bureau used Soviet capital and an international cast of characters to combat European imperialism in East and Southeast Asia during the interwar period. Although these efforts suffered from serious weaknesses, European colonial administrators nevertheless worried constantly about the specter of an all-powerful Soviet machine bent on world domination. Their response was cross-colonial collaboration to undermine and destroy the Comintern’s activities in the region. - http://www.secretintelligencefiles.com/Content/swwf.fo1093/0093/002<br /><br />Caption above taken from an abstract of a journal related to secret files on Noulens Affairs which linked to communist organizations thought out East Asia. Interesting S. Amalu also indirectly linked to the case. <br /><br />In June 1931, the Criminal Intelligence Department under R.H Onraet in Singapore managed to crackdown on Malayan Communist Party and arrested one Frenchman along with 15 Chinese and an Malayan Indian. News of the arrest and trial were published in The Straits Times dated June 19th, 1931, The Malayan Tribune dated June 20th, 23rd, 1931. <br /><br />1. Ducroux arrived from Hong Kong on April 27, 1931 and set up an office in Winchester House, Collyer Quay on May 1st, 1931. He represented a French firm, Cidlo, manufacturing steel tools and other hardware. <br /><br />2. R.H Onraet who was also the Acting Chief Police Officer rent our a room in front of Ducroux office and set up two agents to watch Ducroux movement.<br /><br />3. Onraet informed that the Criminal Intelligence Department received information that efforts were made to establish connection between communists in Malaya and Shanghai. Based on the information received, the CID put surveillance on Ducroux. <br /><br />4. Six of the 15 Chinese arrested pleaded guilty. Ducroux, Amalu and 9 others claimed to be tried. <br /><br />5. Seditious material such as pamphlets and newsletter of "Communist Youth" had been seized from a house in Singapore. A letter contained the detail and instruction regarding labour movement in Malaya was addressed to Saminathan Amalu also seized. A greeting letter from Communist Party of India centered in Calcutta which congratulation the comrades of Malayan Communist Party also found. <br /><br />6. A former MCP member, Ahmad bin Suahin, a tailor from Geylang testified that he was introduced to Wong Muk Han by a Javanese Communist by the name Ali Majid in a meeting held in Upper Serangoon. According to Ahmad, the Communists were out to overthrow the Imperial Government in Malaya and enable Malayans for rule their own country as republic similar to Soviet Russia. <br /><br />7. Ducroux was found guilty and sentenced to 18 months of rigorous imprisonment. Six were discharged but rearrested and banished. Six more pleased guilty. Amalu was discharged due to lack of evidence. <br /><br />8. R.H Onraet gave a brief history of Ducroux. Ducroux was a militant communist, attended Leninist School in Marseilles, France. A warning circular had been issued by the Foreign Office on Ducroux and warning all government against granting permission to land. Ducroux obtained passport under the name Lefranc. <br /><br />9. A series of arrest had been made in Hong Kong and Shanghai based on address details found in Ducroux pocket book including the Noulens which crippled the whole far east network. <br /><br />10. In the trail, Amalu claimed that he came to Singapore to quench his thirst on knowledge where he studies economics and politics. He was completed his Senior Cambridge at Anglo Chinese School in Singapore and Junior Cambridge in Kuala Lumpur. He is ambitioned to be lawyer but abandon the idea due to poverty. Later, opted to be an engineer which he claimed he needed qualification. He opted for mechanical job with Lvons Motors but left the job as they made him only to grease the cars. He was working for Fraser and Neave before arrested by Special Branch Chief Inspector Rai Bahadur Prithvi Chand. <br /><br />11. Amalu was not represented and he claimed to be tried. He fought his own case in the court. He was discharged by the court due to lack of evidence. Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-70857509025213543542021-02-19T01:52:00.004+08:002021-02-19T01:52:58.624+08:00Saminathan Amalu - The Earliest Known Indian in Malayan Communist Party (Part 1) <p>The involvements of Malayan Indians in the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) are not widely discussed. But when we read Michael Stenson's Class, Race & Colonialism in Peninsular Malaya (page 56), the writer stated : </p><p><b><i>"So too was S. Amalu who had eventually joined Malayan Communist Party and had been sent to Russia for training in 1931. Although somewhat disillusioned after losing his contact in Hong Kong and being obliged to give himself up to the police, Amalu remained strongly influenced by Left Book Club and other socialist publications that managed to slip through the British censors" </i></b></p><p>Hence, who is this S. Amalu that Stenson had written about? </p><p>So, I made some homework and would present to you about S. Amalu who seems to be a very interesting character based on news reported in Malayan Tribune dated 30th Dec 1933(page 6), The Strait Times dated 23rd Dec1933 (page 12) and The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advisers 23rd Dec 1933 (page 3). A huge coverage was given in Malaya and Singapore for his trial in Singapore. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0J-nxDvKB8IgbE4EU9nuoHQocznjlu9NUrcsmDuc1r0-lh6lPEFSMNucWi7oc6ZDVJ-6MNjkGUeTB5nLwnTsekAEplccOm87rp7F6uAYDLdXzf3R81iqe26krW8jPSJZo3umnPtvgPjg/s1051/2021-02-18+%25288%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0J-nxDvKB8IgbE4EU9nuoHQocznjlu9NUrcsmDuc1r0-lh6lPEFSMNucWi7oc6ZDVJ-6MNjkGUeTB5nLwnTsekAEplccOm87rp7F6uAYDLdXzf3R81iqe26krW8jPSJZo3umnPtvgPjg/w599-h640/2021-02-18+%25288%2529.png" width="599" /></a></div><br /><p>1. S. Amalu or Saminathan Amalu was a Tamil born in Kuala Lumpur in 1916. </p><p>2. Amalu was English and Tamil educated. He was a former student at Methodist Boys School in Kuala Lumpur. </p><p>3. At the age of 12 (in 1928), he met Tai Eng Seng (also English educated) at Methodist Boys School. They became good friends. This is believed Tai Eng Seng would have indoctrinated Amalu into communism and a made him a member of Malayan Communist Youth Corps. </p><p>4. Later Tai Eng Seng together with other Amalu's comrades - Tan Kim Beng, T. Andrew and Low Ching Pak were arrested in Singapore and banished for being members of MCP.</p><p>5. Evidence of Amalu's involvement in Malayan Communist Youth Corps was obtained when police obtained documents from a house in Layang Village, Kuala Lumpur. The raid against the Communist Youth Corps was conducted by Capt. Morris - Assistant Commissioner in FMS Police Department. The documents also proved that Amalu was associated with seditionists who worked against British. </p><p>6. In Sept 1930, Amalu left Kuala Lumpur and came to Singapore. He stayed for a while at his uncle's place in Pricep Street, near Bras Basah Road while working as a mechanic. Later he moved to live at No.307, Joo Chiat Road under a false name, Manikam. </p><p>8. In June 1931, Amalu was arrested shortly after the raid on Malayan Communist Youth Corps and was charged under the Societies Ordinance. But acquitted later when found no concrete evidence against him. </p><p>7. On June 27th, 1932, a house was raided in Sophia Road in Singapore where a Hakka teacher from Kuala Lumpur, T. Andrew, was arrested. Andrew admitted that he was a member of Communist Youth Corps which was functioning under Malayan Students' Federation. Andrew also mentioned his association with Amalu in his statements. Andrew was sentenced to six months of rigorous imprisonment and banished. Andrew mentioned Amalu was member of Malayan Communist Party active in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. </p><p>On 23rd Sept 1933, Amalu boarded a ship "Conte Rosso" from Singapore to Shanghai on behalf of CPM without a passport and travelled under a Chinese name - Yeo Cheng Hock!</p><p>8. Amalu arrived in Shanghai on Oct 2nd 1933 and left Shanghai to Hong Kong on Nov. 18th after meeting some important persons. </p><p>9. Amalu was arrested in Hong Kong on Nov. 23rd, 1933 and was deported to Singapore. </p><p>10. Police found seditious documents related to communist activities in his possession - copy of the Shanghai Evening Post on news about Mr. and Mrs. Noulens who are serving life imprisonment in Shanghai for being communist in China, handwritten note on "Comrade M. Singaravelu -73" who was known communist in India and a copy of The International Press Correspondence printed in Kuala Lumpur. </p><p>11. Amalu was unpresented in court. He fought his own trail. Finally he was discharged with RM500 penalty for traveling without passport. </p><p>The Part 2 of the article will be detailing on Amalu's arrest in 1931 which involved a Frenchman Serge Lefranc also know as Joseph Ducroux. Ducroux accused of assisting in managing Malayan Communist Party. Ducroux's case was regarded the first case involving foreigner and one of the biggest crackdown on the communists in Malaya by the British. </p>Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-30887549168105731682020-06-18T00:31:00.002+08:002020-06-25T14:03:30.436+08:00S.A Ganapathy Didn't Break the News of Japan Surrender to Bose - New Evidence Reveals<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Based on details found in the Report of the Nethaji Inquiry Committee in 1956, I made <a href="https://www.malaya-ganapathy.com/2011/06/sa-ganapathy-and-nethaji-in-one-article.html">an entry to my blog</a> in June 2011, with a presumption that S.A Ganapathy could have delivered the news of Japan surrender to Bose. The article mentioned that one "Mr. Ganapathy" and Dr.Lakshmayya left Singapore with the devastating news. The men broke the news to Bose and his trusted officer S.Ayer in Seremban.<br />
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The article indicated that "Mr Ganapathy" was the Acting Secretary of the Publicity Department of India Independence League (ILL) headquartered in Singapore.<br />
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As the article did not mention any details of "Mr Ganapathy", premature assumption had been made that S.A Ganapathy would have delivered the message. The colonial papers reported that S.A Ganapathy was serving as an instructor with Indian National Army (INA).<br />
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But, a news appeared in The Indian Daily Mail on the 8th April 1946, proves that the presumption was wrong. The news confirms that the said "Ganapathy" was K.E Ganapathy.<br />
The news which generally discussing the mysterious death surrounding Bose, mentioned that the Malayan Tamil Newspapers reported that Bose was heard broadcasting from Manchuria on the March 17, 1946.<br />
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K.E Ganapathy who traveled from Penang produced the Tamil newspaper in Madras and said, "Subhas Chandra Bose is in Manchuria and is doing well"<br />
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With this, it is clearer now that <b>S.A Ganapathy did not break the news of Japan surrender to Bose</b>. It was K.E Ganapathy!<br />
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Many had taken this presumption (even though I have stated my reservation on the "Ganapathy" in article) and reproduce it in their presentations, speeches and articles that S.A Ganapathy was the person who broke the news to Bose. This was done in the context to project how close was Ganapathy to Bose.<br />
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This new evidence shows that Ganapathy was not given a high rank in Indian Independence League (ILL) nor Indian National Army. It is also evident the truth in the confession made by an ex INA member, Sutharman, that Ganapathy was court-marshaled in INA for being a communist.<br />
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Intelligent report stated that Malayan Indians from Malayan Communist Party (MCP) infiltrated INA and there was an unique relationship established between the MPAJA and INA. MCP sympathized INA's anti British struggle and wanted to form an alliance with INA after the Japan's defeat. But this alliance was betrayed by a high ranking officer in INA upon advised by the British (see my blog entry on R.G Balan)<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Extract form Indian Daily News 8th April 1946</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily Mail - 8th April 1946e</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-29024527011345942812020-05-09T01:54:00.001+08:002020-05-09T02:07:08.437+08:00Nehru's View on Communist as Terrorist - Dampened Efforts to Save Ganapathy <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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We have seen in the previous <a href="http://www.malaya-ganapathy.com/2020/04/tamil-daily-viduthalai-claimed-indian.html">postings</a> that many leaders of Dravida Federation expressed their frustrations for the failure of Indian Government to act promptly in Ganapathy's case. </div>
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If we dwell further into history of leftist oppression in India, we will find the validity in the federation's claim. We shall notice that India was baffling with leftist especially the Communist Party of India and other socialist fronts which were critical of Nehru's administration. </div>
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The communist and socialist fronts continue to remain critical of exploited labour force which were used to serve the British's interest in India. British were still holding huge economic interests in India just like other newly "liberated" British colonies - liberation in the sense that British economy highly depending on these colonies. Malaya too was serving the British for so many years after independence until Tun Dr. Mahathir called a shot to end this interest with his campaign - <a href="https://cilisos.my/buy-british-last-malaysias-boycott-campaign-that-once-crippled-the-british-economy/">Buy British Last</a>. Eventually the nation wide campaign crippled the British's economy. </div>
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Going back to our discussion, Nehru was reported criticizing the CPI in Indian Parliament on the 1st March 1949 - the day Ganapathy was arrested. Nehru said the CPI "has the past year had adopted an attitude not only of open hostile to the Government but one which can be described as bordering an open revolt."</div>
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The House also was made aware of the communist revolts that have taken place in neighbouring countries bordering India. </div>
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"It was presumably in the furtherance of the same policy that attempts were made in India to incite the people to active revolts. </div>
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Nehru's statement which revealed further that Government has taken against those who revolt, clearly show the Congress Government treated CPI as the British would treat the CPI. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nehru with Queen </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malayan Tribune - 1st March 1949</td></tr>
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On the 22nd April 1949 (when Ganapathy's appeal against his death sentence was dismissed), Nehru commented on CCP communist victory in China. He said that the victory not only a threat to India but to the whole world. He made this comment in Cairo when on his way to London for the Commonwealth Prime Minister Conference. </div>
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(Note : It is believed that Nehru was still in London attending the conference when Ganapathy was hanged on the 4th May 1949. Yet. we do not see reports of any personal attempts taken by Nehru to meet Lord Listowel or PM Atlee)</div>
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Asked whether the Indian Government was fighting the Communism, Nehru replied : <i><b>"We do not fight Communist, but we fight sabotage and terrorism"</b></i> </div>
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(Note: We note the similar term Communist Terrorist (CT) was used widely against the communist in Malaya by the British Government in Malaya). </div>
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The Indian Daily News reported the Indian Prime Minister who was a key-man of London conference told correspondence : "We are friendly to everybody. We want to cooperate."</div>
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Interesting to note that this conference will determine the fate of India as the member of the Commonwealth Nation. India being a Republic did not fit into the criteria of the member of the Commonwealth Nation. The conference was paramount to determine the fate of India. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: "droid sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 15.3px;">Queen Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders, taken at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle.</span></td></tr>
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Further reading : <a href="https://scroll.in/article/876483/history-revisited-why-did-nehru-give-up-his-bitter-opposition-to-the-commonwealth-and-join-in-1947">https://scroll.in/article/876483/history-revisited-why-did-nehru-give-up-his-bitter-opposition-to-the-commonwealth-and-join-in-1947</a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily News - 22 April 1949</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-28093594933520189932020-05-06T20:58:00.003+08:002021-02-16T17:06:56.228+08:00Banish Me to India - Sambasivam <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Sambasivam requesting the Malayan Government to sent him to Malaya even though he was not born in India. According to Sambasivam's family, he was born in South Africa in 1923. His father, Narayasamy married a South African Tamil and brought his family - wife and with two children to India in 1925/26. Later due to some misunderstandings, Sambasivam's wife left her husband and migrated to Malaya with her children. Sambasivam would have been around 2 or 3 year old and had an older sister. They migrated and settled down in Sitiawan, Perak.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkBl5sfCR1l8pbsnznuttY5vJY9hLXFj4PDj-WgMfS0mGr7Ym3b6VvHIiqMecYqmeAga4mumiVIxf3bJF7r1Fj2E___INGKa1GdR9i6O8JxtXB_0avvCOjDrMljC4UQtA46BTc-hGyB8/s1600/sambasivam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkBl5sfCR1l8pbsnznuttY5vJY9hLXFj4PDj-WgMfS0mGr7Ym3b6VvHIiqMecYqmeAga4mumiVIxf3bJF7r1Fj2E___INGKa1GdR9i6O8JxtXB_0avvCOjDrMljC4UQtA46BTc-hGyB8/s1600/sambasivam.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sambasivam Narayanasamy </td></tr>
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The Malaya Tribune dated 3rd April reported that Sambasivam a 27 year old Tamil trade unionist, who escaped the gallows when he has set free by the Privy Council in London on the 30th March 1950.<br />
The Officer-In-Charge of CID Johore C.K.S. Bovell said Sambasivam was arrested under the Emergency Regulations and will remain under detained. The police yet to applied for warrant for banishment. He added the future of Sambasivam will be decided by the Federal Government.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd April 1950</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-57923415567426679212020-05-06T14:12:00.002+08:002020-05-06T14:16:29.665+08:00Sambasivan Rearrested - "The Hindu" Wanted Repatriation <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Sambasivam was found innocent and was released by the Privy Council. Yet, he was rearrested without any warrant. The idea was to force repatriation of Sambasivam to India, so that Malaya could get rid of "the trouble makers." This had been a sheer violation of human rights. But, many including Indians in India, felt that repatriation was only to save Sambasivam.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sambasivam Narayanasamy </td></tr>
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The Indian Daily Mail published a news based on Hindu editorial published in India on the 16th April 1950, with regards to Sambasivam's rearrest after release.</div>
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The Hindu hoped that the Representative of Indian Government to Malaya, Thivy will successfully </div>
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repatriate Sambasivam to India. </div>
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"It is gratifying to find that Mr. Thivy is continuing to find good work in the case of Sambasivam" and recall how Mr. Thivy's strenuous efforts had won a last minute reprieve when the labour leader was about to be executed for alleged offence against Emergency Regulation. </div>
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"Sambasivam had consistently maintained that he was only a trade union worker and not connected with the Communist terrorist. On top of that there was the fact that he had been in </div>
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prison for the last two years and could not possibly have had any contact with lawless elements. But Malayan authorities' object in re-arresting him is presuming to prevent the possibility of his associations with terrorist once he is free. </div>
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We can see no warrant for this assumption. Anyhow if they think it would involve too great a risk to allow Sambasivam to go about freely in Malaya, they should have no objection to his reparation which has been in case of certain other Indians." </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Indian Daily - 17th April 1950</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-4481240008146576542020-05-01T02:56:00.000+08:002020-05-01T03:03:58.043+08:00Nehru Sold the Nation by Joining the Commonwealth - CPI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Questions raise why India kept her efforts not focused and intense in Ganapathy's case. But we see the efforts intensified in the case of Sambasivam. For the first time after Ganapathy was hanged, Privy Counsel was engaged to save Sambasivam from death. In Sambasivam's case, not only the voices of opposition were heard in India but in Malaya the local newspaper and reporters were very critical on how the British used force to get rid of trade unionists.<br />
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All though the voices of opposition raised in India against outcome of Ganapathy's appeal, the Indian Congress Leaders such as Nehru and Patel were not very concern as they have their own problem to dealt with, especially the communist and socialist movement in India. The communist and socialist parties were against of India's view to join Commonwealth. India in other hand needed commonwealth support to help in their Kashmir issues. The Commonwealth seen as huge association which India needed to get rid of their communist "trouble-makers."<br />
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The Indian Daily Mail reported on the 12th May 1949, on view raised by Communist Party of India (CPI) condemning the Prime Minister Nehru for "signing on the dotted line" of the latest Commonwealth declaration.<br />
The statement claimed that Nehru had sold the interest of the Indian people and the independence and the sovereignty of the country to Anglo-American imperialists"<br />
Another opposition voice in India the <a href="https://forwardbloc.org/history/">All India Forward Block</a>, which once was lead by Subhas Chandra Bose, had also criticized the London accord on India's new link with Commonwealth.<br />
Its General Secretary K.N Joglekar appealed to leftist forces to form "United Committee of Action" to express disapproval of the "Nehru Deal."<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">K.N Joglekar</td></tr>
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Why the leftist was concern of the deal that Nehru forged with Commonwealth? We will discuss this in future postings.<br />
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<b>Note on Joglekar</b><br />K.N. Joglekar was born at Uttarpradesh. He was involved in the Meerut Conspiracy Case - controversial court case, in which several trade unionists, including three Englishmen were arrested for organizing Indian Rail strike. The Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences to the accused in January 1933. Out of the accused, 27 persons were convicted with various duration of ‘transportation’. Joglekar and his comrades were each awarded transportation for a period of 12 years.</div>
Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-66900789663728696732020-04-28T00:05:00.003+08:002020-05-01T01:22:38.629+08:00Deportation - Easy Way Out to Keep Malaya "Clean".<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Deportation had been another tool used by the British in fighting against the communist insurgency in Malaya, beside the well known "New Village Plan" to relocate the peasants and farmers from the rural area of Malaya to a-hell-like closed guarded compounds in semi-urban area.<br />
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Deportation does not take the centre stage of discussion in the fight against communist insurgency in Malaya. The British was not open about this policy and kept a very vague record of deportation from Malaya.<br />
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Deportation has been regarded as inhumane by many scholars. Families are destroyed in deportation. A father been forced to leave his family in Malaya and deported to China. Many of those deported were second generation Malayans who were born in Malaya. They had been deported forcefully to a foreign land which they are not familiar with.<br />
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The intention of the post is to analyse and understand the impact of deportation exercise against the trade unionists who were considered as "trouble-makers" to the Malayan Government.<br />
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Since the declaration of Emergency in June 1948, many unionist who had no association with the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) were arrested and deported to China and India. The Malayan Chinese outnumbered the Indians. Many of them were genuine unionists who stood against capitalist oppression policies towards the labourers.<br />
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On the 27th October 1949, the Indian Daily Mail reported that Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones told the British parliament that 870 bandits killed in Malaya since the beginning of Emergency - June 1948. One of the Conservative Party MPs said there was a fairly general impression in Britain that the people were not being kept informed of the situation in Malaya. The Conservative MP also questioned the fact that since the end of July the situation in Malaya had deteriorated.<br />
The Colonial Secretary replied :<br />
"No, the situation had not deteriorated. In some months the difficulties are greater than in other months but I think the authorities are pursuing the problem and pressing their operation with full vigour."<br />
Another Conservative MP, Walter Fletcher questioned whether was there any difficulty arising in getting "rid of bandits who are due to deportation since Amoy (now known as Xiamen) and Swatow (now known as Shantou) were no longer ports which bandits can be deported.<br />
The Colonial Secretary replied, " We have to some extent been obligated to abandon the policy which we had hoped to pursue, but alternative measure have been taken in respect of squatters who have been detained.<br />
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Even though in the British Parliament, the Colonial Secretary said the Malayan Government obligated to abandon the policy, but we do see records of Malayans deported after 1949. Deportation was a easy way out to keep Malaya "clean".<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily Mail - 27 Oct 1949</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-37664127189875387362020-04-26T16:55:00.000+08:002020-04-26T16:58:46.781+08:00"The Hindu" Urges Indian Government to Act <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Hindu editorial strongly urged the Government of India to intercede with Whitehall in order to obtain reprieve for Ganapathy. It reported Ganapathy is under sentence of death by Malayan court for illegal possession of a revolves.<br />
The plight of the Indian labourer's in Malaya's turmoil is of great concern to us, declared the paper adding the labourers are caught in the terror campaign of the communist. agitators and strong-hand, t methods of the Foreign Administration. The labourers "should not feel that have been orphaned by the storm. To their credit, they have managed to keep out from the conflict in the spite if pressure form those challenging the authority of the Rulers," the paper reported.<br />
"But there is some danger of the Rulers succumbing to the pressure from the planting interest to exploit disturbance for suppression of legitimate labour movements" <br />
The paper continued :<br />
"The risk of one or more Indian falling victims unwillingly to the rough justice now administered in Malaya by the regime which seeks to crush the revolt in very real. We are concerned with question of the rights of the Malayan Government to take drastic measure to restore law and order. But we are very concerned to see that in the process no innocent Indian's life is placed in jeopardy. Specifically we would like the case of Ganapathy to be examined by the Government of India before the death sentence is carried out by the Malayan Government.<br />
"The decision to charge a man under ad hoc capital without even an allegation that he was actually connected with murder gang or terrorist organisation takes on an ominous significance in the light of the fact that Ganapathy was the ex-President of the Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions which was since been banned."<br />
The editorial concluded :<br />
"The Representative of the Government of India should not spare any effort to prevent a grave miscarriage of justice. But the Government of the India to whom the people of Ganapathy's native village in South India have already submitted an appeal on his behalf. should make urgent representations to Whitehall to reprieve Ganapathy."<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily Mail - 15th April 1949</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-85672831747492185462020-04-26T15:08:00.000+08:002020-04-26T15:08:30.085+08:00Tamil Daily Viduthalai Claimed Indian Leaders Failed to Save Ganapathy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Upon learning the death of Ganapathy, Periyar (EV Ramasamy) the President of Dravidian Federation in Tamil Nadu, India signed a statement to the federation's Tamil Daily "Viduthalai" on the 12th May 1949 strongly condemned the Malayan Government authorities for the execuion of S.A Ganapathy. He also added if the Government of India had made greater efforts in the early stages, Ganapathy might have been saved.<br />
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What and where it went wrong? We know from the newspaper reporting that efforts had been made by local leaders in Tamil Nadu by sending petition to Tamil Nadu Congress leader, Kamaraj to intervene with the Ganapathy's case.<br />
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Based on the pressure, Thivy decided to meet Gurney on the 15th of April 1949. Nothing was reported on outcome of the meeting. Later, we learnt the High Commissioner of India to UK, met with Lord Listowel on the 3rd of May 1949 on Ganapathy's case. There rest is history. <br />
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At this point we kind of agree with Periyar's view on the inertness of Indian politicians and leaders to save Ganapathy. For a second though, why Indian leaders as would want to save Ganapathy in the midst of India and Congress leaders like Nehru and Vallabhai Patel were raging war against the communist in India.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Indian Daily Mail 14th May 1949</td></tr>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-868096499804486462019-09-23T10:05:00.000+08:002019-09-29T19:04:04.510+08:00Challenging Colonial Power – Indian Labour Struggle Indian Migration - Janarthani Arumugam <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I am so honoured to have an avid researcher on Malayan labour movement struggle, Janarthani Arumugam, contributing to this blog. I drive most of my inspiration to maintain this blog through our discussions. It is my honour to have her articles published at this site. </span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Challenging Colonial Power – Indian Labour Struggle Indian Migration by Janarthani Arumugam</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The British colonial economy was built on the backs of oppressed people from all parts of its dominions. Indian migration started as early as 1870s with the expansion of sugar plantations in Province Wellesley and Perak which demanded cheap, accessible and pliable labour from South India<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn1">[i]</a>. This dependence on plantation labour by colonial capitalists had a profound impact on colonial Indian subjects, specifically from Southern India. This is reflected in the four million journeys undertaken from 1840 – 1940<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn2">[ii]</a>. By 1957, Indians constituted roughly 11 percent of the population of Malaya and Singapore in 1957<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn3">[iii]</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Indian Population in the Straits Settlements and the Federated States in Malaya </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1901 - 120,000 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1947 - 600,000 </span></div>
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1957 - 820,000 </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: Rajeswary Ampalavar </span></div>
<br /> According to Ampalavar, Indian migrants were characterized as transitory; they were expected to return to India once their indenture ended. In addition to this, the fragmentation based on caste, class and ethnic lines was a serious deterrent to collective politicization among community. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Self-Respect Movement </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The ‘Self-Respect’ political movement gained prominence and popular support among South Indians of Tamil descent in Malaya since the 1920’s. E. V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’ promoted ‘no god; no religion; no Gandhi; no Congress; and no Brahmins’ in his movement<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn4">[iv]</a> after disillusionment with the Indian National Congress’s failure to abolish casteism. <br /><br />His visit to Malaya in 1929 brought about the establishment of ‘Tamil associations, dedicated to moral, religious, and social reform’ led by journalists, teachers and kanganies (labour supervisors on plantations) in Malaya<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn5">[v]</a>. Newspapers such as Munnetram (1929), Sreethirutham (1931) and Tamil Murasu (1935) propagated writings on ‘anti-casteism, hegemony of Brahmanism, educational and health improvement, abolishment of religious rituals such as ‘kavadi’ bearing and firewalking, promoting monogamous Hindu marriages and the emancipation of women.’ </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />His visit in Malaya, Ramaswamy took part in several conferences and one of the most important was the All-Malaya Tamils Conference (Akila Malaya Tamiḻar Mānāṭu) where some of the resolutions listed below were made, reflecting Self Respect ideals. Among the resolutions were<a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_edn6">[vi]</a>: <br /><br />1. This conference opines that Tamil weddings should be conducted in a thrifty way and should be conducted in the mother tongue;… <br /><br />2. This conference supports widow remarriage and asks that everyone in Tamil society will too. The Straits Settlements has made this legal, and we will petition the Federated Malay States to follow likewise;… <br /><br />3. All Tamils in Malaya should, regardless of their country of origin, come together and embrace the Tamil language as one. <br /><br /> <br />Self-Respect marriages were highlighted in Tamil Murasu which reported the first marriage in Penang (1930). These unions allowed ‘people the freedom to restructure their own life around Self-Respect instead of being slaves to the rules prescribed by authoritative Brahmanical tenets’. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Figure 1: 'Reformed Couples': Pictures of a Couple who were Married under the Auspices of the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Self-Respect Movement, TM, 30/6/1936. Source : Dinesh Sathisan (2008)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref1">[i]</a> Amrith, S. S. (2010). Indians Overseas? Governing Tamil Migration to Malaya 1870-1941. Past & Present, 208(1), 231–261. <br /><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref2">[ii]</a> Sandhu, K.S. (1965). Indians in Malaya. <br /><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref3">[iii]</a> Ampalavar, R. (1981). The Indian Minority and Political Change in Malaya 1945 – 1947. <br /><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref4">[iv]</a> Alagirisamy, D. (2015). The Self-Respect Movement and Tamil Politics of Belonging in Interwar British Malaya, 1929–1939. Modern Asian Studies, 50(05), 1547–1575. <br /><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref5">[v]</a> Ampalavar, R. (1969). Social and Political Developments in the Indian Community of Malaya, 1920 – 41. MA Thesis. University Malaya. <br /> <br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/MyCOMPAQ/Downloads/Challenging%20Colonial%20Power_Part%201.docx#_ednref6">[vi]</a> Sathisan, D. (2008). The Power of Print: Tamil Newspapers in Malaya and the Imagining of Tamil Cultural Identity, 1930 – 1940. MA Thesis. National University of Singapore. </span></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-82401085833522112262019-06-22T19:58:00.006+08:002019-06-22T19:58:54.149+08:00Petition to Save Ganapathy from Tambikottai, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily Mail March 28, 1949</td></tr>
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On 28th March 1949, the Indian Daily Mail reported that people of Tanjovore village of Muthupet from Tambikottai and Jambuvanodai submitted a petition to Governor-General Sri Rajagopalachari also fondly known as Rajaji and Prime Minister Nehru and as well as Premier of Madras O. Ramaswami Reddiar, urging intervention of Indian leaders with regard to the death sentence passed at the Selangor Assizes on A. Ganapathy. Ganapathy was a native of Muthupet.<br />
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It is also said that the deputation from the villagers shall be meeting President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, Mr. Kamaraj Nadar. </div>
Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-38274907064081738932019-06-22T19:18:00.001+08:002019-06-22T19:30:50.366+08:00Ganapathy Murdered Says WFTU <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian Daily Mail - 8th May 1949</td></tr>
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On the 8th May 1949, the Indian Daily Mail reported news on Ganapathy's execution. WFTU regarded both Ganapathy and Veerasenan death as inhuman.<br />
The news as follows:<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
It is Inhuman, Says WFTU</h3>
Paris, May 7 - The World Trade Federation of Trade Union last night issued from its Paris headquarters a protest against the execution of Mr. A Ganapathy, Indian trade union leader, under Malaya Government's emergency powers on a charge of carrying arms.<br />
The protest referred to "the assassination by the British authorities of the Chairman of Pan Malaya Trade Union Federation, Ganapathy, hanged on May 4 in the prison at Kuala Lumpur capital of Malaya, and of his successor Veerasenan, slaughtered the following day by a patrol" <br />
(Mr. P. Veerasenan who succeeded Mr Ganapathy was shot by a Gurkha patrol while felling with a Chinese from a guerilla camp in dense jungle in Negeri Sembilan<br />
The protest said the WFTU had long been aware of "inhuman measures" by the British authorities against Malaya workers. It, therefore, raised its voice against "these flagrant violations of the most elementary rights of man - rights which are universally recognized by all governments, including the British Government" - Reuter<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Note: Correction to the report above: Veerasenan was shot dead a day before (3rd May 1949) Ganapathy to be executed. </h4>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malaya Tribune - 7th May 1949</td></tr>
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On the 7th May 1949, Malaya Tribune reported on its first page <i><b>"Ganapathy Murdered" Says WFTU</b></i>. A strong message indeed! The contents almost similar to the what was reported in Indian Daily Mail on the May 8th. </div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-64562614675466079842019-06-22T15:50:00.000+08:002019-06-22T16:08:18.599+08:00PMFTU Pledges Support to All Political Bodies <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><i>Taken from Morning Tribune, 6th April 1948 (Page 3) </i></b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morning Tribune April 6th, 1948</td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">In April 1948, a ten-day conference was organised to celebrate the third anniversary of PMFTU. In the general assembly:</span></h4>
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1. Ganapathy pledged support to all political bodies striving for the enhancement of the social and political status of all Malayans. Ganapathy also spoke about Malayan labourers had drawn to WFTU's sincere cooperation. He also reminded local government not to underestimate labour uprising in West and the Malayan labourers would draw to the awakening. </div>
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2. Secretary of Singapore Communist Party - Chan Min Ching warning indication showing Singapore to be turned into anti communist headquarters for SEA. </div>
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3. Agent of Government of India to Malaya T.G Nadarajan Pillai spoke about the necessary to establish a profit sharing system for labourers similar to many trades in United Kingdom, establishment of cooperative societies among labourers and government provide small plots of land for labourers. </div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
PMFTU Pledges Support to All Political Bodies </h4>
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Speaking at the general assembly of the third anniversary celebration of the Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions in Singapore yesterday, Mr. S.A Ganapathy (Chairman) pledges the support of the organization to all political bodies “striving for the enhancement of the social and political status of the people of Malaya” <br />
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The interests and welfare of the labourers of the world had drawn the serious attention of the World Federation of Trade Unions to which was also extended the sincere co-operation of the workers of Malaya, he said. <br />
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“The local government authorities should never be under the hallucination that the revolutionary spirit prevailing in the West and other awakened countries of Asia would not draw into its orbit the labourers of Malaya.” Mr Ganapathy added. <br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>No Danger of War </b></h4>
Secretary of the Singapore Communist Party Mr. Chan Min Ching, said that although the present international situation was comparatively tense, there was no immediate danger of third world war. Confrontation with an impending economic crisis and the ever-developing upsurge of the colonial peoples, the imperialist bloc was fanatically making preparation for war. <br />
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The Five-Power military pact recently signed in Western Europe, in his opinion, was identical with former Axis agreement and was only a pretext persecuting democratic and leftist forces. For instance, the recent anti Communist persecution in Burma and India. Mt Chan said was coupled with the persecution against trade union leaders and strikers who demanded better living conditions. <br />
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Referring to the British Government he said, that the Labour Government in England, instead of leading Malaya towards self-government, “is leading us towards war. The Colonial Secretary (in Singapore) openly called for war preparation recently when he spoke at an RAF Association function. Lately, a defense department for the Colony had been established under Mr. G.Hawkins.” <br />
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There was very indication, Mt Chan said, that Singapore “may be made” the anti-Communist headquarters for Southeast Asia.” To suggest that Malaya today was threatened by foreign aggression was absurd, he said, because any aggression could only come from American imperialism. <br />
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<h4>
A Query </h4>
One should not wonder why imperialism is deadly anti-Communist because (Mr. Chan said) Communist parties have long been known to be most revolution in their opposition to ruthless exploitation of the popular masses and violation of civil rights. War preparations under the present circumstances could only mean more unbearable taxes to the people and preparation against the people and against democracy he added. <br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Workers’ Handicap </h4>
In a country like Malaya where much of the workers were immigrants without an inch of land or roof of their own the workers unions would be very much handicapped in their bargaining power, said Mr. T.G Natarajapillai, Agent of the Government of Indian in Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, speaking next. The country’s economy depended mainly on rubber and tin for progress and prosperity. This being the case, in the event of depression, workers would have to accept lower wages, unemployment or repatriation to their countries of origin, he said. <br />
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One way in which to ensure industrial peace (he said) was to make the workers feels that they were partners in the industry by devising a system of profit sharing as done in some trades and industries in the United Kingdom and other commonwealth territories. <br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Co-op Societies </h4>
Co-operative societies, he thought also might help workers to save some money. But the only was to avoid a feeling of frustration was for government to enable people who have lost touch with their motherland to own small plots of land and settle down. <br />
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Comparing the financial solidarity of the employers’ organization and that of labour, the speaker said labour should be very thoughtful before embarking upon direct action. He called upon union leaders to study the pros and cons of all problems and encourage conciliation and other means of settlement of disputes. <br />
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Among other speakers were Mr. P.V Sharma, who spoke on behalf of the Malaya Council of World Affairs; and Mr. Eu Chooi Yip, on behalf of the Malayan Democratic Union. <br />
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Greeting telegrams from Sian and Indonesia Trade Union movements were read. <br />
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The annual assembly of the Federation is expected to last ten days. <br />
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-30579014244254282022019-06-10T17:10:00.002+08:002019-06-10T17:14:35.938+08:00Newpapers in Tamil Nadu Protested Against Ganapathy's Sentence <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Singapore Free Press 19th April 1949</td></tr>
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The Singapore Free Press dated 19th April 1949, (around two weeks before Ganapathy to be executed) published an article on the sentiment in Tamil Nadu upon learning status of Ganapathy's failed appeal in Malaya Federation High Court.<br />
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This could be one of the last efforts to pressure Indian government to pursue on her efforts to save Ganapathy.<br />
But, they failed at the end.<br />
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<b><i>Ganapathy Protest</i></b><br />
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<i>Madras newspaper yesterday demanded that the Malayan Government restore "civil liberties and civil law, " particularly with reference to A. Ganapathy who was recently sentenced to death by the Federation High Cour</i><br />
<i>Sankara Krishna Cettur, former Indian Government Representative in Malaya, said that the death sentence on Ganapathy "will be grave discredit on the motive and integrity of the British administration in Malaya, especially when Ganapathy's connection with PMFTU is remembered - AP </i></div>
Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-56656578736199703942019-06-09T21:57:00.000+08:002019-06-09T22:24:27.033+08:00Protest for Ganapathy in Beijing <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The Malaya Tribune dated 23rd May 1949 stated that Malayan in Peiping (old name for Beijing) held protest over the execution of Ganapathy on the 4th May 1949.<br />
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Malayan Reds Are In Peiping<br />
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Reuter<br />
San Francisco Sun-<br />
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Malayan labour leaders in Communist held Peiping have protested against the recent execution of S.A Ganapathy, Indian born former President of banned Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions, Peiping Radio Reported tonight.<br />
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Lu Cheng, Chairman of the Federation and Yej Mia Sui, a member of Central Executive Bureau, who are both in Peiping said the execution was a "brutal murder by the British authorities in Malaya."<br />
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They further alleged that "over 15,000 innocent Malayan have been arrested, imprisoned, flogged, tortured, deported or killed since last June by the British imperialists"<br />
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Ganapathy was hanged on may 4 for illegal possession of a revolver and ammunition - Reuter<br />
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-37799893596671098152019-05-01T23:18:00.000+08:002019-05-01T23:25:39.013+08:00CIA Report on Indian Section of Malayan Communist Party <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is Labour Day today. I am starting to write again after a long break. I have been keeping this article for sometime and thought would be great to share it on this Labour Day. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The article was taken from CIA's archive, written on 17th November 1949. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ganapathy's name was mentioned in the article. It stated that in December 1945, two Indians (one of the was Ganapathy) who had been Malayan Communist Party (MCP) members were "instigated by Chinese leaders of the party to recruit Indians".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is also confirming to the existence of a separate Indian section within the MCP. A temporary committee called <b>Indian Executive Committee (IEC)</b> was established in April 1946. It was a subordinate to the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of MCP. It was reported that IEC received instruction from MCP through a Chinese Liaison Officer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">IEC built up their support groups in North, Central and South Malaya. State and city branches were organised and in August 1947, IEC acquired a full range of administrative sections like the MCP. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The report believed that MCP decided to grant greater "degree of responsibilities" to the Indians as they saw the "Indians enthusiasm started to slackened" in 1947. IEC was reorganized and expanded with new flexible rules were adopted. IEC's contact with parallel Chinese branches was close but their access to top Chinese was limited. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>According to the report, the IEC's main function was to penetrate Indian labour force. Therefore, the reported stated that it was surprise to notice one third of the members of State committee were trade union organizers.</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In early 1948, after the Calcutta Congress of Communist Party of Indian (CPI), the CEC was considering allotting places to Indians and Malays within the higher councils and ranks in the party. But the plan failed after the declaration of emergency in June 1948. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The report also mentioned that the Chinese were aware of emergency in April 1948, but the Indians were ignorant of the imminence of open rebellion and had made no preparation to go underground. As a result, the Indians have proved to be militarily useless and practically all the Indians leaders had been put out of action either by death or deportation.</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>It also stated that contact established by Indians in Malaya with MCP had been "haphazard and unproductive" and the Malayan Indians received little advise or help from CPI even when direct request was made to CPI. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The reported stated that the necessity to cultivate the Malays into the folds of MCP recognized through more propaganda printed in Jawi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There had been also conflicting claims between the MCP and Chinese Communist Part (CCP) on the loyalties of oversea Chinese. The MCP proposed that those who returned to China to be expelled from the party, though it recognized the validity of demand from CCP that technicians and capitalists return to their mainland. CCP radio propaganda is said to be having considerable effect on Malayan Chinese Youth. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The MCP began its publication of "Student News" in August 1949 in Singapore despite the alertness and efforts of Security Force. Propaganda pamphlets had been found in increasing numbers in Singapore. </span></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-69091975658399509832018-07-25T19:29:00.001+08:002018-07-27T20:05:23.765+08:00Communist Propaganda Materials in Tamil and Telugu in 1936 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Often we ponder when were Indians in the country exposed to the communist ideology? Was it before World War II or after? Some even deny that Indians were communists at all. . There have been evidences to support and prove that Indians labourers were exposed to communist ideology as early as 1936. It is more interesting to learn that the propaganda leaflets were printed not only in Tamil language but also in Telugu language as well. This should open up our minds to agree to the notion that Telugu labourers too played substantial roles in the left labour movement in the country. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Straits Times reported on the 6th January 1936, communist propaganda materials were found on a Hainanese - Foo Ah Joon who were caught for rioting and distributing seditious literature. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Among the materials were leaflets written in Tamil and Telugu. Extract of the details from the Tamil materials:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Son of the soil! The collies working on estates are suffering much as the price of rubber has gone down. There is no demand for rubber and the collies' wages have been reduced. The duty on all goods is very heavy. Even for running a business with a view to carrying on a livelihood the Government requires a licence. Disputes are going on between the Governments of other countries and the above mentioned government. Continue to make more and more agitation"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Meanwhile the Telugu leaflets mentioned, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"We, Indians Malays and Chinese labourers are all nice people. Now is the time for us to get united. Beware and watch how things will be when the Chinese emperors creates trouble and calls for a meeting. Now that there is a surplus of rubber on every estate we are facing difficulties. Nevertheless, there is nothing to be afraid of. This is all the white man's doing. Let us try to help each other financially."</span></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-65288557481130447152018-01-05T16:20:00.002+08:002018-01-05T16:31:17.186+08:00World Federation of Democratic Youth Delegates in 1947 May Day Celebration <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This will be my first posting for the year 2018. I have made resolution for the year that I will post at least one posting weekly.<br />
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Many would knew during the post war period, the leftist organisations in the country mainly Malayan Democratic Union and Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions established connections with China and India. In fact, history stated the political changes and development in China have induced the Chinese leftists to travel to Singapore and Malaya to form the Nanyang General Labour Union (NGLU) in May 1926. Later NGLU took the form of Pan Malayan General Labour Union (PMGLU) and later evolved to Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU) in 1947. <br />
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But not many would knew that a female representative from Russian visited Malaya during May Day celebration in 1947. The Straits Times dated April 28, 1947 reported three member delegation from the World Federation of Democratic Youth - Olga Tchetchetkina, a Russian journalist, Rajko Tomovic, a representative of the Youth Organisation of Yugoslavia and M Jean Lautisser a leader of the Union of Republican Youths of France arrived in Singapore to take part in the May Day rally in 1947.<br />
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It also reported the delegation came to study and report on living conditions in Malaya with particular references to the youths in Malaya.<br />
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In a function held to welcome the delegation at 331, North Bridge Road organised by Malayan Democratic Union and 40 other organisations including SFTU and New Democratic Youth League, the Vietnam Youths and Malay Women Emancipation organisation, Ms Olga called for unity among the youth to ensure success against fascism and aggression.<br />
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The Malayan Tribune dated May 2nd, 1947 reported that in the May Day rally, Olga greeted the local workers and she thought of the parade at the Red Square. She said there were many people to whom promises, which were made during war had not yet been realized, but first of all, the world peace must be obtained.<br />
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"The Soviet Union will not forget that the Chinese, Indians and Malays in this part of the world had also contributed their share when the USSR were fighting five years ago to over power Fascism" said Olga <br />
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In the rally, a silver shield was presented to the PMFTU by Tuan Dj. Shahruzah representing the All Indonesia Central Oraganisation of Trade Unions.<br />
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There were banners carrying slogan "Eradicate Contract Workers," "Sunday Rest With Pay," "Democracy Instead of Constitutional Proposal for Malaya," "Equality for All Races of Labour" carried by workers forming one of the longest processions seen in Singapore and wended its way over a three-miles route along main streets of the city.<br />
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So, we can see here the left inclined international links that MDU and PMFTU may had possess threats to the colonial British government. Thus, due to these connections we saw many international trade unions representatives condemned the British government when Ganapathy and Veerasenan were executed. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malayan Tribune 2nd May 1947</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAgUv-vKXGeZFykAYUFM2P0H6Ol_EcVXNSWrMAH3RtdFjZc6NcdK7fCKYraKNGbkF9il29MpCnq9VT0VLZPpHg6HmYmO3In-ugyb2JbljTgi0xuh5jL7ngihc8gBmitlrMQd6LsOPVykY/s1600/olga+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAgUv-vKXGeZFykAYUFM2P0H6Ol_EcVXNSWrMAH3RtdFjZc6NcdK7fCKYraKNGbkF9il29MpCnq9VT0VLZPpHg6HmYmO3In-ugyb2JbljTgi0xuh5jL7ngihc8gBmitlrMQd6LsOPVykY/s1600/olga+2.jpg" /></a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-76516682155240642192017-08-22T15:36:00.002+08:002017-10-27T09:12:02.687+08:00Bukit Sembilan Incident - Police Killing Was Justifiable said Coroner <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">More on Kedah Riot 1947- The Straits Times dated 1st April 1947 reported that the Coroner who judged the Bukit Sembilan case of police brutality found the killing of a labourer during labour protest at Bukit Sembilan Estate as “justifiable killing"</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoG-40UhcLImbFYTWNZbPdu2ZciWIVJGylOOo5Td1HSJLYOFbPkDw5e96a1h3SFV1p2s7NSDKGk8EVE0ygnadiTZcrTEtINj8jFfvFxYDPjxuorrew3R49fun7PEKnLrLK6wSpoDKZ7Q0/s1600/st01041947.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoG-40UhcLImbFYTWNZbPdu2ZciWIVJGylOOo5Td1HSJLYOFbPkDw5e96a1h3SFV1p2s7NSDKGk8EVE0ygnadiTZcrTEtINj8jFfvFxYDPjxuorrew3R49fun7PEKnLrLK6wSpoDKZ7Q0/s1600/st01041947.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Police Killing Was Justified<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From Our Correspondent<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penang, Monday<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stating that there was no evidence of gross negligence on the part of
the constable who struck deceased, the Coroner Mr. A.M Austin today returned a
verdict of justifiable homicide on Samy, an Indian labourer, who succumbed to
injuries received when a police party attempted to disperse a crowd of
labourers at Bukit Sembilan Estate on the afternoon February 29.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mr. Austin, in delivery his finding, added he was satisfied that the
injuries were incurred by deceased when police took lawful measures to disperse
an unlawful assembly.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The inquiry opened on Saturday, when after recording evidence from the
Kedah Police Commissioner Mr. A. C Maxwell and other witness, the coroner
reserved his verdicts. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-34806389850044748642017-08-22T09:54:00.001+08:002017-08-23T09:13:31.245+08:00Ganapathy Threatened Malaya Wide Strike - Kedah Riot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Thondar Padai - The Volunteer Corp played a huge role in the labour strikes
in Kedah which is also known as “The Kedah Riot” in 1947. Armed police forces were
used to suppress the labour uprise. The Thondar Padai, under the leadership of A.M
Samy was well organised. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the strikes which involved Thondar Padai was
the Bedong Toddy Shop Protest, where it was reported widely that some 300 labourers
(including women and children) gathered in front of the toddy demanding it to
cease its operation. It was a peaceful demonstration as protester did not carry
any weapon with them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instead of resolving the matter amicably, the police
forces displayed huge brutality resulting in the death of a young man,
Swaminathan, who was bludgeoned to death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nine labourers were injured. Many were arrested and
sentenced to vigorous imprisonments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Meantime, S.A Ganapathy demanded the release of the
labourers and threatened that a Malaya wide strike will be called if appeal to
release the arrested labourers fails. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Singapore Federation of Trade Union “strongly
condemned the action of the Government of the Malayan Union in using armed
police to break the strike and interfering with the peaceful picketing of toddy
shops” and requested the Government to release the arrested workers
unconditionally. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Morning Tribune – 7<sup> </sup>March 1947 <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Malaya Wide Strike Fear<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Demand for Release of Kedah Labourers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A general strike of all labourers throughout Malaya is
feared should an appeal against the conviction of 83 labourers in Kedah who
have been sentenced during the pas few days to various terms of imprisonment
for unlawful assembly fail. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our Penang correspondent telegraphing just before
midnight stated that a meeting of labourers’ representatives in Kedah last
night decided to appeal in the case of those strikers who have been sentenced.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Should this fail, it is thought likely, says our correspondent
that an appeal will be made to all labourers in Malaya to support the case.
This carried the implication of general strike.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mr. S.A. Ganapathy. Chairman of Pan Malayan Federation
of Trade Union saw Mr. J.T Rea, Deputy Commissioner for Labour, Kedah
yesterday. He said he was not satisfied with the latter’s opinion on the situation.
He had also spoken to representative of the labourers. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two members of Kedah Federation of Trade Union Mr. A.M
Samy and Mr. Teoh Cheong Hoon asked Mt. J.T Rea yesterday whether it was legal
for people to strike. Mr Rea replied that the present trouble arose from the
lawless acts of youth voliunteer corps.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The United Kedah Planters’ Association yesterday
issued a statement to the press in which it says: Briefly the history of the
labour trouble in Kedah is one of political agitation by subversive elements coupled
with intimidation and tension.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Association believes that three prime requirements
and necessary before any attempt can be made to ameliorate the grave situation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Firstly, order
must ne re-established and the laws of the country maintained.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secondly, organized labour must free itself from
external dictations and organise from within to elect its own legal
representation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In Singapore last night, the Singapore Federation of
Trade Unions, Short Street, issue the text of resolution put before a recent
meeting of president and general secretaries of branch unions of the Indian
section of the SFTU, one as which “strongly condemned this action of the
Government of the Malayan Union in using armed police to break the strike in
Kedah, and interfering with the peaceful picketing of toddy shops” and
requested the Government to release the arrested workers unconditionally. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1Zc9jURo_561pKAVM8rSktWs7UapO3NARUY8jC7nCij05YUWtPDM1BN4RmAi6HawcTmEFg1057qph_Ji9kZrUkVbQb7zeV3jNcSbAKvfdfNmR3BTLB7yRJ0iM2mRZrtie07HGiAEliE/s1600/mt07031947-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="280" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk1Zc9jURo_561pKAVM8rSktWs7UapO3NARUY8jC7nCij05YUWtPDM1BN4RmAi6HawcTmEFg1057qph_Ji9kZrUkVbQb7zeV3jNcSbAKvfdfNmR3BTLB7yRJ0iM2mRZrtie07HGiAEliE/s640/mt07031947-3.jpg" width="304" /></a></div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-13061104840127953192017-08-21T10:11:00.004+08:002017-08-21T10:18:57.898+08:00Broken Promises by British Labour Government <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Singapore Press on the 6th May 1949, reported that Indian Government had made a "vigorous protest" to the British government over the Ganapathy's execution. It appeared that the British Government had broken its promise made to the High Commissioner of Indian in London, V.K Krishna Menon. The execution was carried out by the British Government without informing the High Commissioner of India on an investigation result with regards to Ganapathy's case.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHLZqC0Mc3IJqcTALhpwvl1MMmDCkujZhHAkqDn-pmS88FPfJfxA_iO6tgpe_8gzu2k2RBY5LUh-8EPf4bZRO3nZNKIaHzdLfroaeTRUaXHXg_X8jFjC0KmdGBdG1ojSYJYXm-dNCThqk/s1600/Clement_Attlee.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="245" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHLZqC0Mc3IJqcTALhpwvl1MMmDCkujZhHAkqDn-pmS88FPfJfxA_iO6tgpe_8gzu2k2RBY5LUh-8EPf4bZRO3nZNKIaHzdLfroaeTRUaXHXg_X8jFjC0KmdGBdG1ojSYJYXm-dNCThqk/s320/Clement_Attlee.png" width="242" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PM Clement Atlee - Leader of Labour Party UK</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The report also mentioned that the Indian Government Representative to Malaya, John Thivy, had several times visited Ganapathy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In Thivy's report, Ganapathy informed that he was hiding in the jungles for about nine months (since June 1948) which most of the time he was ill. He was not aware of the Emergency law on possession of arms. He was intended to surrender his revolver which was given to him for self-protection to the nearest police station. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81nDPjDv-MoNPLW6sZ7rgBkdRqxvZubcy05vJgqj1uNhGdFkSlcdLJ_6U4k2ec_o9NIzuL3Qe0aZg-GVzoBvBz5sG1Ni6deTFhg2jaFlgE1RWmR67EetNpal4V-BSZ09J50B240LZDwM/s1600/3098476543647814103.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="889" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81nDPjDv-MoNPLW6sZ7rgBkdRqxvZubcy05vJgqj1uNhGdFkSlcdLJ_6U4k2ec_o9NIzuL3Qe0aZg-GVzoBvBz5sG1Ni6deTFhg2jaFlgE1RWmR67EetNpal4V-BSZ09J50B240LZDwM/s320/3098476543647814103.jpg" width="222" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">High Commissioner of India - V.K Menon</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Those who read this article would wonder why the British wanted to get rid of Ganapathy in a hurry. Why the British government under the Labour Party, which acted very reasonable and just in dealing with trade unions and labour issues in UK, erred in this juncture? Who was pulling the string to get rid of Ganapathy and PMFTU? </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Singapore Free Press – 6<sup>th</sup> May 1949<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">New Delhi Note on Ganapathy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NEW DELHI, Friday<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Indian Government, which is making a “vigorous protest”
today to the British Government over the Ganapathy hanging, announced here
yesterday that it felt the penalty was excessive and that it deeply deplores
his execution.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ganapathy, 24-year-old Indian president of Pan Malayan
Federation of Trade Union was executed after having been found guilty and
sentenced to death by Selangor court on changes of carrion a revolver and
ammunition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Broke Promise”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From information now at the Indian Government’s
disposal, the announcement said, it appeared that not only did representation
made on behalf of the Indian Government to the authorities in Malaya to prove
unworthy, but that the execution was carried out even before the High
Commissioner for India in London had been informed of the results of an
examination of the case by the British Government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This “had been promised,” the Government announcement
said. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The report of the Indian Government representative in
Malaya. Mr. John Thivy, to the Indian Government is understood to contain
statements made to him by Ganapathy, whom he saw several times in prison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ganapathy told him he committed no act of violence and
said he was hiding in the jungles of Malaya for about nine months during most
of which time when was ill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He had no knowledge of the severity of the Malayan
regulations. He left the jungle intending to surrender the revolver in his
possession at the nearest police station he said. It had been given to him for
self-protection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When arrested while resting under a rubber trees
Ganapathy told Mr Thivy he did not attempts to resist - Reuter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0MGqO1SGisvfoVsJpkHVyrCogvGSHFLXUyyq82nIkt8wcd0WQBzx3d1TZz9GTax3wiGpEpwDdnbuWta_OlBCMUThLSZr8-Vr-gsPAyQep50rGlV5Phojmi8Eqn2R3LZSgUFF1dG5gsQ0/s1600/ganapathy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="541" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0MGqO1SGisvfoVsJpkHVyrCogvGSHFLXUyyq82nIkt8wcd0WQBzx3d1TZz9GTax3wiGpEpwDdnbuWta_OlBCMUThLSZr8-Vr-gsPAyQep50rGlV5Phojmi8Eqn2R3LZSgUFF1dG5gsQ0/s1600/ganapathy.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Last known photograph of Ganapathy taken in Pudu Prison before execution </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186882081007814308.post-15058487553236058252017-06-07T11:13:00.000+08:002017-06-07T11:21:31.864+08:00Chinese Newspaper Reports on S.A Ganapathy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Articles on Ganapathy published in Chinese Newspapers in May 1949</b></div>
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(Translation to English will be done soon) </div>
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Saminathan Munisamyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14189488152645092294noreply@blogger.com0